The Apartheid Of South African Apartheid - 1422 Words

The avowal that the apartheid ‘vision for democracy’ necessitated state terror and repression is evident when examining the South African apartheid system between 1960 -1994. The system of apartheid spiked significant internal resistance, hence, the ideology for apartheid stems from the creation of a white state surrounded by economically interdependent and politically dependent black states, which required state terror and repression to ensure mounting resistance and international condemnation did not abolish the apartheid system. The government responded to a series of popular uprisings and protests with police brutality, which increased support for armed resistance. Detentions were set without trial, torture, censorship and the outlawing of political oppositional organizations such as The African National Congress, the Black Conscious Movement, the Azanian Peoples Organisation, The Pan Africanist Congress and the United Democratic Front, were all a result of the apart heid government due to political resistance. In 1960 South Africa’s policies were subject to international scrutiny and the Sharpeville massacre resulted in international condemnation. The United Nations conservative stance on the apartheid changed. The Sharpeville massacre had shaken the global community, with the apartheid regime threatening that it would possess violent behavior and lead into state terror to repress opposition to racial inequity. Apartheid was seen as a danger to the global community inShow MoreRelatedThe Apartheid Of South African Apartheid2501 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction: South African Apartheid was one of the darkest eras of racial persecution the world has ever seen. From 1948 to 1991 the South African government headed by the National Party imparted not only strict racial classifications that divided whites, blacks, Indians, and c*loreds, anyone who did not fit into one of the previous groups, but also laws that restricted all aspects of black life; this time period is known as apartheid. Certain individuals shined through in the fight against apartheid, theseRead MoreThe Apartheid Of The South African Apartheid Essay2149 Words   |  9 Pages Introduction â€Å"Canada’s Apartheid† which can also be known as Canada’s Indian Act of 1876. This system of racial intolerance inspired the South Africa’s oppressive regime and lead way to the better-known Apartheid in South Africa. However, since the South African Apartheid was based on our model shouldn’t it simply be known as â€Å"The Apartheid†? It is interesting to note the varying global images each of these tragic systems have had. As a student, born and raised in Canada, it is deeply troublingRead More South African Apartheid Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesof South Africa had to endure racial inferiority during the era of apartheid. The apartheid laws the government of South Africa made led to an unequal lifestyle for the blacks and produced opposition. South Africa really began to suffer when apartheid was written into the law. Apartheid was first introduced in the 1948 election that the Afrikaner National Party won. The plan was to take the already existing segregation and expand it (Wright, 60). Apartheid was a system that segregated South Africa’sRead MoreAfrican Apartheid And South African Rugby Essay3478 Words   |  14 Pages(All Blacks) and the South African Rugby Team have had a long relationship through their sporting rivalry. During the 1940’s to the 1960’s South Africa had an Apartheid which was the Racial Segregation that the rights, associations and movements of the majority black inhabitants and other races/ethnic groups were under the category of (Afrikaner Minority). This South African Apartheid impacted New Zealand as they were forced to Skip Maori players when sending teams on Tour to South Africa, However PriorRead MoreThe South African Apartheid and Music623 Words   |  3 Pagesapartheid was one of the wirced eras that faced southafrica since the 1940s till 1990s. back then, everything was split, and it tore everything apart, families. races, and everything elce you can think of. however, one of the things that drove the apartheid government away was music. Music reminded people that they should unite with each other again instead of splitting apart. Francois Malan was the person that started the apartheid group. he was elected in 1948. after he was elected, , heRead MoreThe Music Of The South African Anti Apartheid Movement1259 Words   |  6 Pages University of Pennsylvania Musical Independence: The Role of Music in the South-African Anti-Apartheid Movement Andrew Fixler Timothy Rommen Music 050: Introduction to Music in Cultures 5/11/15 â€Å"Art is not a mirror held up to reality, but a hammer with which to shape it† (Bertold Brecht in Askew 2003: 633). Despite evolution across the globe and the continued development of societies and cultures, one entity has remained present throughout – music. Though manifestedRead MoreEssay Nelson Mandela and the South African Apartheid 1839 Words   |  8 PagesHe fought for that belief in South Africa for which he undeniably sacrificed his life to. A figure of international peacemaking, he’s a man of tremendous accomplishments. How he achieved these accomplishments is astounding and it’s what he’s remarkably known. Striving for fairness and democracy in a nation that has been pierced for years by Apartheid seemed impossible for blacks. Mr. Mandela however, was the exception to that perception. His immense contribution to South Africa and his people ultimatelyRead More The African National Congress and the Fight Against South African Aparthei d1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe word â€Å"apartheid† means â€Å"separateness† in Afrikaans Language. Human Rights, according to â€Å"Article 1, UN Declaration of Rights† states that â€Å" All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in spirit of brotherhood†. The native Africans were being segregated from the whites and were treated as second class citizens. The black residents felt that the apartheid policies violated their rights. Human rightsRead MoreApartheid in South Africa: The African National Congress and Nelson Mandela1506 Words   |  7 Pages Apartheid was a dark time in the history of South Africa. The African National Congress played a major role in the breaking of Apartheid. Nelson Mandela played a critical role in bringing democracy to South Africa. This paper will show how the African National Congress was involved in the Anti-Aparthei d movement and how the African National Congress and Nelson Mandela Changed the country as a whole. To understand how South Africa changed, one must know the history of Apartheid and the effectsRead More South African Apartheid: Political Defiance Campaigns Against the Government2815 Words   |  12 PagesAfter the National Party won the elections of 1948 and introduced legislative measures for the promotion of apartheid, harsher political repression arose and led to increased organization among blacks. Before the 1940s, society was often overwhelmed by the numerous acts of rebellion that many blacks carried out in their daily lives; however, many black organizations refrained from visible remonstration of the National Party government. In the 1950s until the mid-1990s, the significant shift to new

Iron M Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - 1187 Words

Iron Man: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Michael Mills The Field School Mental disorders have been a problem around the world for many centuries. There are many different types of mental disorders as well as degree level that people can suffer from. Many people go through life never being diagnosed or treated for their mental disorder. Some people are diagnosed with multiple disorders at one time. One mental illness that has been around since the 1600’s, that just recently made the American Psychology mental health journal is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder better known as PTSD. This disorder is commonly found in Veterans that have fought in the war, but also can consist of individuals that suffered†¦show more content†¦Each individual is classified differently and some individuals may show several symptoms. Some of the criteria below are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder DSM-V. Re-experiencing the trauma through intrusive distressing recollections of the event, flashbacks, and nightmares. Emotional numbness an d avoidance of places, people, and activities that are reminders of the trauma. Difficulty sleeping, feeling jumpy and being easily irritated and angered. Avoiding people, places, conversations, objects, and situations that might be associated with the trauma event. Most people with PTSD usually had suffered from some type of physical trauma event, although trauma does not necessarily have to be physical, it can also be a disturbing experience that the individual experienced. These experiences fall under other risk factors such as, the environment, culture and genetics. These factors are broken down into three categories re are Pre Traumatic factors, Peritraumatic factors Posttraumatic factors. Pre-Traumatic Factors Peritraumatic Factors Posttraumatic Factors Environment Environment Environment Lower income status Severity of the trauma. Exposure to repeated upsetting reminders. Lack of Education Personal injury Lost of financial Female higher risk Military personnel (experiencing war) Parental separation (death) Genetics Genetics Genetics Certain genotypes n/a n/a Culture is also aShow MoreRelatedScenario Based Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pagespostpartum period. The bio-psychosocial factors that may affect Molly’s mental health include the prolonged isolation at home with the young children; the stress of raising a newborn child; her physical condition, e.g. her anaemia diagnosis; her relationship with her parents; and Molly’s level of resilience and ability to appropriate deal with stress. Her care plan (see appendix) attempts to address these points through a variety of health promotion approaches ranging from the educational approach toRead MoreAll Quiet on the Western Front/WWI Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernments in both worlds initially saw honor and security of their countries as valid reasons for going to war, what ultimately came of that conflict were both immediate consequences, such as loss of innocence and development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (often referred to as PTSD) among young soldiers, as well as permanent, long-term consequences, like the hatred the war had spurred in Germans which ultimately ensued to Hitler’s rise to power. Soldiers and their countries believe there wereRead MoreGender and Life Expectancy2267 Words   |  9 Pages50s and 60s. For a long that time, doctors thought the difference was due to estrogens. One reason for that delay in the onset of cardiovascular disease could be that women are relatively iron-deficient compared to men especially younger women, those in their late teens and early 20s because of menstruation. Iron plays a very important part in the reactions in our cells that produce damaging free radicals, which attach onto cell membranes and DNA, and may possibly result into aging the cell. AnotherRead MoreA Case Study Of A Client Case Of Recurring Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )2837 Words   |  12 PagesThe objective of this paper is to present a case study of a client, J.W., who was seen at Mazique Pediatric PC with a chief complaint of recurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) -like symptoms and behavior changes. J.W. was first diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at age seven. The management process of his condition will include literature review regarding ADHD, epidemiological data, nursing and medical diagnoses with plans, treatments, evaluation with possibleRead MoreWhat Caused Death and Injury During (and After) Ancient Battles?3447 Words   |  14 Pagestheir day, the means by which the enemy could be dispatched were numerous and effective. Rivalling this however, was nature; infection and disease were as big a risk to the soldier as any blade. Injury is also present in the mind of the warrior, the stress of battle, the grief, the inner turmoil caused by murder and the horrors one could witness remained long in the memory of every veteran and for some this manifested itself in mental illness. As we shall see, Egyptian and Greek warfare varied hugelyRead MoreThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words   |  136 Pagescontacts are needed they can be found by using the means stated in the sources part of the research. The excel file gives furthermore general information about private insurance companies and an overview of how many people do have which mental disorder in Germany. In the report the promotional part gives an overview of means to use regarding the target groups being looked at by Brainquiry. The final report of the Netherlands consist of following parts: excel files, explanation according toRead MoreThe Population Suffers From An Anxiety Disorder Essay11814 Words   |  48 Pages17% of the population suffers from an anxiety disorder. Are you one of them? Do you struggle with the decision to try supplements or prescription drugs to help relieve your pain? If you answered yes to these questions than you are not alone! I myself was in your shoes not much longer than a year ago, and I had to face these questions. I was diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder in September of 2008. My life was in shambles and my world was crumbling around me. I needed a way out, so I turnedRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesA. Clark. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-57230-963-6 ISBN-13: 978-1-57230-963-0 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59385-375-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-59385-375-4 (paperback) 1. Cognitive therapy. 2. Obsess ive–compulsive disorder. I. Title. RC489.C63C57 2004 616.85†²2270651—dc22 2003020283 To my parents, Albert and Ardith, for their support and encouragement About the Author About the Author David A. 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Samp;S: Under a variety of stimuli, such as sexual contact, exposure to ultraviolet light, febrile illnesses, or emotional stress, it may reappear, traveling back to the site of initial contact. Tx: At the present time there is no cure for HSV infection. In most cases, relief of pain with analgesics or topical anesthetics is adequate, especially for recurrent lesions. Primary

Les Demoiselles D’Avignon Free Essays

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon – Pablo Picasso The following essay will be written about the modernist painting; ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’, created by the Spanish expatriate artist Pablo Ruiz Picasso in 1907. Firstly, I will describe the work as I saw it in the MOMA in New York in 2010 and I will also describe my initial reaction to seeing it. Secondly, I will write what I have found out about this piece after conducting research in the college library and on the internet, discussing its style and the period which it was made in. We will write a custom essay sample on Les Demoiselles D’Avignon or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will be done in order to place the work in context with other work and events in that era. Thirdly, I will briefly discuss the nature and availability of my sources, exploring any contradictory statements in certain sources and examining their differences in opinions. Finally, following my thorough research on this painting, I will give my reaction now after having done the research and I will conclude upon any differences in opinions or reactions I have now compared to before my research. ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’ depicts five pink women that are entangled in silver and blue garments. Two of these women stand with arms raised to display their breasts, staring at you out of enormous black eyes. The other three are masked: the two at the right are wearing African masks; one of them is emerging from behind the jagged cloth while the other squats low in the fabric. Picasso assumed that these had functioned as magical protectors against dangerous spirits: this work, he said later, was his â€Å"first exorcism painting. † The other masked woman wears a fleshy brown wooden contortion of a face as she stands in profile at the left of the picture. On a plate, there is a collection of beautiful symbolic fruit: a razor blade of melon with testicular grapes, an apple and a pear. Upon examination it is quite clear that this is a painting of nudes in which there is scarcely a curve to be seen — ‘’elbows sharp as knives, hips and waists geometrical silhouettes, triangle breasts’’. Their figures are composed of flat, splintered planes instead of rounded volumes and their eyes are lopsided and asymmetrical. The Demoiselles d’Avignon are actually five prostitutes, and these are five women—obviously naked—and they’re looking at the viewer as much as the viewer is looking at them. The very early studies in Picasso’s sketchbooks relating to this piece show a medical student walking into this curtained room where the ladies stand. The woman on the far left now bears the traces of having being that man entering the room. Picasso, wanting absolutely no anecdotal details to interfere with the sheer impact of the work, decided to eliminate the medical student in the final painting. Therefore one can even feel a certain sense of masculinity in the sort of sculptural carving of her body and the way that very large foot is stepping toward the other women. The only remaining allusion to the brothel lies in the title: Avignon was a street in Barcelona famed for its brothel. Upon looking at this piece in MOMA New York, I was struck by one thing in particular: the fact that the African masks in the painting disguise you as something completely different — a monster, an animal, a god. Modernism is an art that wears a mask. It does not say what it means; it is not a window but a wall. Picasso picked his subject matter precisely because it was a cliche; he wanted to show that originality in art does not lie in narrative, or morality but in formal invention. This is why it’s misguided to see ‘Demoiselles’ as a painting ‘’about’’ brothels or prostitutes. Normal tendencies had been to lose sight of the act of creation. That’s what Picasso blasts away. Modernism in the arts meant exactly this victory of form over content. Something else that I noticed about this piece was its similarity to other historical sources. One of several historical sources that Picasso pillaged is archaic art, demonstrated clearly by figure at the left of the painting, who stands rigidly on legs that look awkwardly locked at the knee. Her right arm juts down while her left arm seems dislocated. Her head is shown in perfect profile with large almond shaped eyes and an abstracted face. She almost looks Egyptian. By the way, according to khanaccademy(smarthistory. org), it is said that Picasso had purchased two archaic Iberian heads from Guillaume Apollinaire’s secretary Gery Pieret, which she had stolen from the Louvre! Some have suggested that they were taken at Picasso’s request. Years later Picasso would anonymously return them. Through my research in the college library, I have discovered a vast amount of interesting facts about ‘Les Demoiselles’. The painting is believed to be seminal in the early development of both cubism and modern art. Before the painting was completed in 1907 Picasso had created hundreds of sketches and studies in preparation for the final work, ranging from sketches of different faces and masks to various colour studies. The main reason for the intensity with which the conception and the making of the picture has been studied is the completeness of its documentation. Picasso had developed one of the largest if not the largest study for one piece in history. The sheer quantity of material related to it first became clear in 1988 with an exhibition in Barcelona based upon ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’. The two volume catalogue of this exhibition reproduced every known sketch or study then considered to be related to the work. ‘’Included were drawings from sixteen sketchbooks placed in sequence as they appear in the books along with ideas for other pictures and unrelated studies; there were also dozens of other studies and related works on canvas and wood as well as paper. Besides this mass of material, there was evidence in the form of radiographs and infrared photographs of an oil study on canvas beneath an otherwise loosely related painting of (‘Woman with a Large Ear’ 1907). Much of this material could be seen in the exhibition. ’’(Green 2001:4) Another interesting aspect of ‘Demoiselles’ that I discovered was the appearance of two men in Picasso’s early studies of the piece. These two men play symmetrically opposed roles: an ‘active’ medical student and a ‘passive’ sailor. Surrounded by prostitutes, the mariner client sits at a table in the centre of the brothels parlour. The student appears on the edge of the picture, ‘’an outsider to its sexual drama’’ (Rubin 1994:44). The sailor is disposed frontally and cut off at the waist by the table at which he sits; the student is shown from the side in full figure, standing. In the first sketch for the full composition, the sailor turns his head toward the medical student; later he will glance down at a cigarette he rolls. Although the display of the whores is towards the sailor, I feel that Picasso was trying to focus his and their glances toward what was an obviously unexpected interruption by the student. Picasso is obviously renowned as being the co-founder of cubism along with Georges Braque. The proto-cubist ‘Demoiselles’ is regarded as one of the first cubist pieces created. If Picasso had executed the finished canvas of ‘Les Demoiselles’ any sooner than when he did, the finished piece probably would have resembled something like the flowing pieces in his sketchbooks. However, there wouldn’t have been anything there to shock or surprise his audience. That was a problem. To challenge his many competitors, Picasso had to come up with something extreme. He decided to radicalise the ‘Demoiselles’ by geometricising both the overall composition and the individual figures within it. The first piece of evidence we have of Picasso trying to rework the piece in a more geometric style appears in a sketchbook from May 1907, where we see these radical drawings mixed with sketches of a more natural nature from his early studies. In the finished painting, the geometric framework of the piece is absorbed and hidden by the strong contrasts between the flesh tones of the figures and the blue-whites of the curtains in the background. The flattened curvilinear forms of the two central figures seem to emerge violently from a multifold, three-dimensional space. Through its close relationships to Greek, Iberian and African art, it is widely believed that ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’ had emerged victorious in a battle between the avant-garde artists of the analytical cubist era. I had quite a variety of sources to choose from while writing this essay. These vary between other essays, newspapers, books and websites. Since I was writing on Picasso, there was an abundance of books available at the college library, where I was able to discover a vast amount of interesting facts and details about ‘Les Demoiselles’ that I would never have known about. I stumbled upon a very interesting essay regarding ‘Les Demoiselles’ also online and this provided very useful information. I found a detailed article in ‘The Guardian’ and this was also very use. Other websites were also used in my research to strengthen the essay. During my research I discovered that many opinions on this piece seem to be generally the same. People feel the same regarding Picasso’s cubist style and his use of themes in ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’. I couldn’t find any contradictory evidence or statements regarding this work. Fundamentally it is one piece with one idea and one general opinion. Researching for this essay was very successful. I came across the books that I was looking for in the library very easily without many problems. I didn’t spend much time surfing through the internet either looking for information so overall everything went smoothly. I have learned a lot more about Picasso and ‘Les Demoiselles’ after all the research I have done about the piece. Firstly, before researching this piece I never knew that the woman on the far left in Picasso’s sketchbooks bears the outlines of the medical student who had been removed by Picasso. Secondly, for some reason I had always thought that Picasso may have just created this masterpiece on a spur of the moment without much preparation so obviously it came as a huge surprise to me when I discovered he had prepared hundreds of sketches and preparatory work for the piece itself. Finally, it was surprising to discover that the composition of the painting may have looked completely different if Picasso had have completed it any earlier than he did. It is funny to think that we may be looking at something completely different with a completely different opinion if were not for Picasso’s determination to outclass his avant-garde rivals. Overall my reactions to this piece have completely changed since seeing it in New York. If I ever see it again I will look at it completely differently. I have come to the conclusion that Picasso put a lot of time and consideration into creating ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’. This is evident from the mastery Picasso employs which is clearly visible in the piece itself. I have learned a valuable lesson from researching this piece and discovering interesting details about Picasso’s work on it. After finding out that Picasso struggled with the appearance of the figures in the painting for many months and then created this magnificent work, it will motivate me and help me to overcome the many struggles i may have to endure while creating my own pieces. How to cite Les Demoiselles D’Avignon, Essay examples

Ethical Hackers Essay Example For Students

Ethical Hackers Essay Since the introduction of personal computers in the 1970s, the art of computerhacking has grown along with changing roles of computers in society. Computershave taken over our lives. People could not function without them; ourelectricity is run by computers, the government could not function withoutcomputers, and there are many others. Hackers are people who illegally gainaccess to, and sometimes tamper with, information in a computer system. Due torecent media coverage and corporate interest, hackers activities are now lookeddown on by society as criminal. Despite the growing trend of hacking, verylittle research has been done on the hacking world and its culture. The image ofa computer hacker has grown from a harmless nerd into a vicious techno-criminal. In reality most hackers are not out to destroy the world. The hackers in todayssociety are not bored teenagers. Imagine this, you are driving along the roadand suddenly you see something spectacular. Now imagine that you are not allowedto deviate from your course to check it out. This is what a so-calledhacker faces. Just imagine that you saw an injured person on the side ofthe road. In this analogy you are not allowed to help the injured person. Ahacker is not allowed to explore like everyone else in the world. A hacker isnot allowed to help fix potential security holes. The term hacker can have manymeanings. The most visible to the public is the person pirating software, andbreaking into corporate networks and destroying information. This is the publicmisconception of a hacker. Back in the Unix days, a hack was simply a quick anddirty way of doing something.In fact hackers are well educated people, InHackers intensify fears of industrial espionage, Mark Gembickireports the typical hacker used to be 14 to 16 years of age, white male,somewhat of an introvert . . . However, this is no longer the case. . . Ourhacker profile . . . the hackers are around 30-33, white male again,professional (Drumheller). Many of the hackers today are probably thegrown-up fourteen to sixteen years old from the past. Except now they makeenough money to purchase expensive computer equipment. They are well educatedand have an interest in technology. The majority of the hackers of today arethirty years old and well educated, they are not all out to destroy computersystems and break into national security. Although hacking is a growing trend inour society, it is not one that is accepted in the United States or any othercountry for that matter. Hacking is an international phenomenon that cuts acrossrace, gender, ethnic background, sex, and education level. Hackers have alwaysbeen considered different and have never been accepted in society. Hackers inthose days were basically just comput er experts. Nowadays hacker means the samething as a cracker, a person who pirates software, and malicious hackers. Themedia, of course, never prints the good things hackers do. Most hackers providea service to companies, by letting the company know about security holes, beforea rival exploits it. Most hackers want nothing more than to simply learn. Ahacker has an extreme thirst for knowledge, but not in the traditional subjects. Technology, and anything new interest hackers. In fact most security expertsstart out but learning and hacking. The bad view of hackers is notcompletely false. There are hackers out there that will do there best to harmany system hey can, national security documents the bad hackers as dangerous,they may gain access to classified information. Patricia Irving, president of asmall business which creates biological and chemical defense technology, says?Our technologies are being used for national security type purposes,and the U.S. government has a concern about what might be happening incountries that might not be friendly toward the United States or with terroristgroups inside and outside of this country. Both governments and companiesare forced to pay large amounts of money to try and make their sites safe andimpossible for hackers to break into. However most hackers are not going to harma government or business. Genuine hackers hack only for the joy of knowledge. Arush, like no other , is felt after finally gaining access into a site or acomputer. They feel most information should be free. They do not look at hackingas stealing. They see hacking as borrowing information. However the good hackersdo understand the rights of privacy and the good hackers do not mess withpeoples private matters. Hackers believe knowledge is power. Therefor they arein the constant pursuit of power. Hackers are a growing trend, or problem, whichever way one sees it. This underground culture will not disappear anytime soon. In fect its constantly growing as the number of users on the internet keesp onincreasing, this is*a href=http://www.coainc.cjb.net/*(http://www.coainc.cjb.net/)*/ahref* just one site where a person is offerd introductions into hacking and tojoin a hacker group. In short I will brifly describe the basic methods and ,present alilte of the FYI on hacking it self. Hackers may use a variety of waysto hack into a system.First if the hacker is experienced and smart the hackerwill use telnet to access a shell on another machine so that the risk of gettingcaught is lower than doing it using their ownsystem.(This is very complicated toexplain, the simplest way to put is the hacker sends a commend through theinternet to the server and teh server on which the telnet is located on executesthe command actions), the ways in which the hacker will break into the systemare: 1) Guess/cracking passwords. This is where the hacker takes guesses at thepassword or has a crackprogram to crack the password pr otecting the system. 2)Finding back doors is anotherway in which the hacker may get access to thesystem. This is where the hacker tries to find flaws in the system they aretrying to enter. 3) One other way in which a hacker maytry to get into a systemis by using a program called a WORM. This program is speciallyprogrammed to suitthe need of the user. This programme continually tries to connect toa machine atover 100 times a second until eventually the system lets in and the wormexecutesits program. The program could be anything from getting password filestodeleting files depending on what it has been programmed to do. Regardingprotection The only way that you or a company can stop a Hacker is by not havingyour computer connected to the net. This is the only sure fire way in which youcan stop a hacker entering yoursystem. This is mainly because hackers use aphone line to access the system. If it ispossible for one person to access thesystem then it is possible for a hacker to gainacc ess to the system. One of themain problems is that major companies need to benetworked and accessible overthe net so that employees can do overdue work or sothat people can look upthings on that company. Also major companies network theiroffices so that theycan access data from different positions. One way which is used to try toprevent hackers gaining access is a program used by companies called aFirewall.A Firewall is a program which stops other connections from differentservers to thefirewall server. This is very effective in stopping hackersentering the system. Tho this is not a fool proof way of stopping hackers as itcan be broken and hackers can get in. Though this is a very good way ofprotecting your system on the InterNet. Alitel bit on consequences, and hackingcases. Some of the major hacks that have been committed have been done by youngteens aged betwean 14 and 18. These computer geniuses as they are known haveexpert knowledge on what they are doing and also know the cons equences. Tho theconsequences do notreally enter there mind when they are doing it. This hackoccurred on February 10,1997, and again on February 14, 1997 Portuguese hackerslaunched a political attackon the web page of the Indonesian government,focusing on that countrys continued oppression of East Timor. The attack wasonline for about 3 hours from 7.00 PM to10.00 PM (Portuguese Time) at the website of the Department of Foreign Affairs,Republic of Indonesia. The hackers didnot delete or change anything. The said We justhack pages. Another majorhack that occurred was on April 1 1981 by a single user.This hacker who wassituated in an east coast brokage house was interested in the stockmarket. SO hepurchased $100,000 worth of shares in the stock market. Then hehacked into thestock markets main computers and stole $80 million dollars. The hackerwaseventually caught although $53 million dollars was not recovered. OnWednesday,March 5 1997 The home page of the National Aeronautics and Space Administrationswas recently hacked and the contents changed. The group known asH4G1S. This groupof hackers managed to change the contents of the webpage Thehacking group changedthe webpage and left a little message for all. It said Gr33t1ngs fr0m th3 m3mb3rs 0f H4G1S. Our mission is to continue where ourcolleagues the ILF left off. During the nextmonth, we the members of H4G1S, willbe launching an attack on corporate America.All who profit from the misuse ofthe InterNet will fall victim to our upcoming reign ofdigital terrorism. Ourprivileged and highly skilled members will stop at nothing until ourpresence isfelt nationwide. Even your most sophisticated firewalls are useless. Wewilldemonstrate this in the upcoming weeks. The homepage of the United StatesAir Forcewas recently hacked and the contents had been changed. The webpage hadbeenchanged completely as the hackers had inserted pornographic pictures sayingthis is what we are doing to you and had under the image screwingyou. The hackers havechanged it and shown their views on the politicalsystem. One other major hack whichwas committed was by a 16 year old boy inEurope. This boy hacked into the British Airforce and downloaded confidentialinformation on Ballistic missiles. The boy hackedinto the site and down loadedthis information because he was interested and wanted toknow more about them. Authur Miller EssayI did it in my head Damn kid. Probably copied it. Theyre all alike. Imade a discovery today. I found a computer. Wait a second, this is cool. It doeswhat I want it to. If it makes a mistake, its because I screwed it up. Notbecause it doesnt like me Or feels threatened by me.. Or thinks Im a smartass.. Or doesnt like teaching and shouldnt be here Damn kid. All he does isplay games. Theyre all alike. And then it happened a door opened to aworld Rushing through the phone line like heroin through an addicts veins,An electronic pulse is sent out, A refuge from the day-to-day incompetence issought A board is found. This is it this is where I belongI know everyone here even if Ive never met him or her, Never talked to them,may never hear from them again I know you all Damn kid. Tying up the phoneline again. Theyre all alike You bet your ass were all alike Weve beenspoon-fed baby food at school when we hungered for steak The bits of meatthat you did let slip through were pre-chewed and tasteless. Weve beendominated by sadists, or ignored by the apathetic. The few that had something toteach found us willing pupils, But those few are like drops of water in thedesert. This is our world now the world of the electron and the switch, Thebeauty of the baud. We make use of a service already existing, Without payingfor what could be dirt-cheap, If it wasnt run by profiteering gluttons, And youcall us criminals. We exploreand you call us criminals. We seek afterknowledgeand you call us criminals. We exist without skin color, Withoutnationality, Without religious bias And you call us criminals. You buildatomic bombs, You wage wars, You murder, Cheat, and lie to us, And try to makeus believe its for our own good, Yet were the criminals. Yes, I am a criminal. My crime is that of curiosity. My crime is that of judging people by what theysay and think, Not what they look like. My crime is that of outsmarting you,Something that you will never forgive me for. I am a hacker, and this is mymanifesto. You may stop this individual, But you cant stop us all After all,were all alike.